|
| death_place = Big Sur, California, US | field = | alma_mater = | work_institution = ''As faculty member'' :Caltech : :Stanford ''As fellow'' :Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions | doctoral_advisor = Roscoe Dickinson Richard Tolman〔 | academic_advisors =Arnold Sommerfeld〔 Niels Bohr | doctoral_students = Martin Karplus Jerry Donohue Matthew Meselson Edgar Bright Wilson William Lipscomb | thesis_title = The Determination with X-Rays of the Structures of Crystals | thesis_year = 1925〔 | thesis_url = http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/1791/ | known_for = | prizes = | religion = Raised LutheranUnitarian Universalist; Atheist as an adult | signature = Linus Pauling signature.svg | footnotes = The only person to win two unshared Nobel Prizes. }} Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator. He published more than 1200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics. ''New Scientist'' reportedly called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time, and as of 2000, he was rated the 16th most important scientist in history. Pauling was one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology. For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. In 1962, for his peace activism, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. This makes him the only person to be awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes. He is one of only four individuals to have won more than one Nobel Prize (the others being Marie Curie, John Bardeen, and Frederick Sanger). Pauling is also one of only two people to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields, the other being Marie Curie.〔 Pauling also worked on DNA's structure, a problem which was solved by James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins. In his later years he promoted orthomolecular medicine, megavitamin therapy, dietary supplements, and taking large doses of vitamin C, none of which have gained acceptance in the mainstream scientific community.〔〔 == Early life and education == Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon, the first-born child of Herman Henry William Pauling (1876–1910) and Lucy Isabelle "Belle" Darling (1881–1926).〔Hager, p. 22.〕 He was named "Linus Carl," in honor of Lucy's father, Linus, and Herman's father, Carl.〔Mead and Hager, p. 8.〕 In 1901, after his sister Pauline was born, Pauling's parents decided to move out of Portland, to find more affordable and spacious living quarters than their one-room apartment.〔Goertzel and Goertzel, p. 4.〕 Lucy stayed with her husband's parents in Lake Oswego until Herman brought the family to Salem, where he worked briefly as a traveling salesman for the Skidmore Drug Company. Within a year of Lucile's birth in 1904, Herman Pauling moved his family to Oswego, where he opened his own drugstore.〔 He moved his family to Condon, Oregon in 1905.〔Goertzel and Goertzel, p. 5.〕 By 1906, Herman Pauling was suffering from recurrent abdominal pain. He died of a perforated ulcer on June 11, 1910, leaving Lucy to care for Linus, Lucile and Pauline.〔Mead and Hager, p. 9.〕 Pauling attributes his interest in becoming a chemist to being amazed by experiments conducted by a friend, Lloyd A. Jeffress, who had a small chemistry lab kit.〔Goertzel and Goertzel, p. 17.〕 He later wrote: "I was simply entranced by chemical phenomena, by the reactions in which substances, often with strikingly different properties, appear; and I hoped to learn more and more about this aspect of the world." In high school, Pauling conducted chemistry experiments by scavenging equipment and material from an abandoned steel plant. With an older friend, Lloyd Simon, Pauling set up Palmon Laboratories in Simon's basement. They approached local dairies offering to perform butterfat samplings at cheap prices but dairymen were wary of trusting two boys with the task, and the business ended in failure.〔Goertzel and Goertzel, p. 21.〕 At age 15, the high school senior had enough credits to enter Oregon State University (OSU), known then as Oregon Agricultural College.〔Goertzel and Goertzel, p. 22.〕 Lacking two American history courses required for his high school diploma, Pauling asked the school principal if he could take the courses concurrently during the spring semester. Denied, he left Washington High School in June without a diploma.〔Hager, p. 48.〕 The school awarded him a diploma 45 years later, after he had won two Nobel Prizes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Linus Pauling – Biographical )〕 Pauling held a number of jobs to earn money for his future college expenses, including working part-time at a grocery store for $8 per week. His mother arranged an interview with the owner of a number of manufacturing plants in Portland, Mr. Schwietzerhoff, who hired him as an apprentice machinist at a salary of $40 per month. This was soon raised to $50 per month.〔Goertzel and Goertzel, p. 23.〕 Pauling also set up a photography laboratory with two friends.〔Goertzel and Goertzel, p. 24.〕 In September 1917, Pauling finally received a letter of admission from Oregon State University. He immediately resigned from the machinist's job and informed his mother, who saw no point in a university education, of his plans.〔Goertzel and Goertzel, p. 25.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Linus Pauling」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|